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Research paperRobotics & Embodied AI · Reinforcement Learning1 source · Oct 8, 2026

Leveraging Human-In-The-Loop Demonstrations in Reinforcement Learning for Digital Twin-Driven Robot Flexibility

We propose a human-in-the-loop online training framework combining a digital twin (DT), reinforcement learning (RL), and human demonstrations.

Key points

  • Growing automation makes collaborative robots work in more variable environments, increasing the need for adaptation.
  • A dual actor framework integrates imitation learning (IL) without adding a direct imitation loss to the RL actor, so demonstrations can guide adaptation instead of manual reprogramming.
  • The proposed framework is demonstrated on the Ufactory Xarm5 collaborative robot, where the robot's end-effector aims to reach the target position while avoiding obstacles.
  • The same pattern holds with real human demonstrations collected in virtual reality (VR): with demonstrations that never reach the goal, the dual actor framework reached 83-100% mean deterministic evaluation success, against 0-17% for the two imitation-loss methods.

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