ResearchResearch paperEfficiency & Inference · Large Language Models · Reinforcement Learning1 source · Oct 8, 2026

When Has a Bayesian Neural Network Sampled Enough? Adaptive Inference Time with Statistical Guarantees

Bayesian neural network predictions are commonly approximated using a fixed number of Monte Carlo samples per input, without controlling the resulting error that comes from this finite sample.

Key points

  • We propose the use of confidence sequences to dynamically determine how many samples are needed while maintaining statistical guarantees.
  • We consider several ways in which predictive probabilities are used, including identifying the most likely class, approximating the full predictive distribution, and resolving probability-threshold decisions.
  • Sampling stops once the corresponding decision can be made with the desired guarantee.
  • Experiments show that the method allocates the computational budget efficiently, assigning more samples to ambiguous inputs than to easy inputs while preserving reliable decisions and reducing overall latency relative to a fixed Monte Carlo budget.

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