ResearchResearch paperInterpretability · Large Language Models · Retrieval, RAG & Search1 source · Oct 8, 2026

Marformer: A Transformer for Predicting Missing Data Distributions

We present the Marformer, a Transformer trained to directly predict conditional marginals given any set of observed values.

Key points

  • Real decisions are made under incomplete information.
  • The conditional marginals over the missing variables are the key ingredient for computing Bayes risk and Value of Information (VOI), the expected gain from acquiring one more observation before deciding.
  • Like BERT, which is trained to predict missing words from context, the Marformer constructs a hidden-vector representation for each distribution $p(Xi)$ and iteratively refines it through attention to other distributions $p(Xj)$.
  • We evaluate across three synthetic domains with missing data---Bayesian networks, discretized multivariate Gaussians, and structured annotation data.

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