ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models1 source · Oct 6, 2026

MoF: Preference-Aware Mixture Modeling for Black-Box LLM Personalization

To address these limitations, we propose Mixture-of-Facets (MoF), a scalable personalization framework for black-box LLMs that models user preferences as compositions of shared latent preference facets rather than dedicated user-specific parameters.

Key points

  • Proprietary Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet aligning their outputs with diverse user preferences remains challenging.
  • Existing personalization approaches for black-box LLMs often rely on user-specific scoring heads, causing the number of personalized parameters to grow linearly with the number of users and requiring additional adaptation for unseen users.
  • MoF performs personalization through history-conditioned routing over shared facet heads, enabling personalization for users unseen during training without additional parameter updates.
  • Across diverse personalization tasks, MoF delivers stronger personalization performance while maintaining a more scalable and parameter-efficient design than prior approaches.

Sources (1)

  • [1]MoF: Preference-Aware Mixture Modeling for Black-Box LLM Personalization
    arXiv (AI, ML, NLP, CV, robotics, multi-agent) · Oct 6, 01:29 PM
    To address these limitations, we propose Mixture-of-Facets (MoF), a scalable personalization framework for black-box LLMs that models user preferences as compositions of shared latent preference facets rather than dedicated user-specific parameters.
    Proprietary Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet aligning their outputs with diverse user preferences remains challenging.

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