ResearchResearch paperEfficiency & Inference1 source · Oct 7, 2026

What a Reporting Convention Hides: A Matched-Budget Audit of Quantum Natural Gradient with an Exactly Computed Metric

Several published comparisons of variational quantum optimizers time only runs that reach a target loss, or read the verdict at a single target.

Key points

  • Either convention could decide whether an optimizer's costlier steps pay off.
  • We measure how much each convention changes verdicts among Adam, simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) and quantum natural gradient (QNG), on initializations held out from the selection of settings.
  • We compute the exact metric that preconditions QNG, price every step in circuit evaluations and give every method the same budget.
  • QNG's strict-target lead disappears when the metric's simulator price, linear in the number of parameters, is replaced by an assumed hardware count quadratic in that number.

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