ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models1 source · Oct 8, 2026

Test-Time Compute for Tabular Foundation Models: Mechanisms, Gains, and Limits

Which forms of test-time compute improve the predictions of strong pretrained tabular foundation models (TFMs)?

Key points

  • We systematically study this along three axes: adaptation, aggregation, and context construction.
  • Our evaluation spans modern TFMs across the TabArena benchmark, supplemented by experiments on wide and large-scale tables from OpenML.
  • For adaptation, we introduce DiagScale, a diagonal query-key similarity update.
  • For context construction, attention-guided retrieval improves TabPFN-3's predictions on some large tables and supports source pools beyond the full context memory limit.

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