ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models1 source · Oct 6, 2026

AnyBottle: A Recipe to Only Keep the Concepts You Really Need

We propose AnyBottle, a single recipe for building compact, task-specific CBMs. AnyBottle assumes only a frozen backbone and an unsupervised concept pool, such as a sparse autoencoder.

Key points

  • Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) make predictions inspectable and intervenable by routing them through human-interpretable concepts, but originally required concept annotations.
  • Annotation-free variants remove this requirement, but typically use large concept vocabularies, static at both training and inference, producing bottlenecks larger than any task or prediction needs and harder to inspect.
  • Across six vision and two text datasets and two teacher paradigms, AnyBottle yields bottlenecks with fewer concepts and higher concept consistency than annotation-free baselines, while staying close to the black-box reference.
  • Overall, AnyBottle shows that going annotation-free need not mean going large: a small, discovered vocabulary can be as expressive as a much larger, fixed one.

Sources (1)

  • [1]AnyBottle: A Recipe to Only Keep the Concepts You Really Need
    arXiv (AI, ML, NLP, CV, robotics, multi-agent) · Oct 6, 03:40 PM
    We propose AnyBottle, a single recipe for building compact, task-specific CBMs. AnyBottle assumes only a frozen backbone and an unsupervised concept pool, such as a sparse autoencoder.
    Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) make predictions inspectable and intervenable by routing them through human-interpretable concepts, but originally required concept annotations.

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