ResearchResearch paperComputer Vision1 source · Oct 6, 2026

What Frame-Level Labels Can and Cannot Do for Small-UAV Point Detection in Thermal Video

The growing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has increased the importance of image-based UAV detection.

Key points

  • We focus on learning localization from frame-level target presence/absence labels when sensor or scene changes make spatial annotations for additional training burdensome.
  • We analyze the detection capability, learning behavior, and potential applications of an existing architecture for point detection of small UAVs, trained with presence/absence labels and requiring no external detector.
  • On two thermal infrared datasets, CST Anti-UAV and Anti-UAV410, we evaluate localization hit rates and detection rates under false-alarm constraints, analyze the effects of training stages, label allocation, synthesis, and model configuration, and compare with bounding-box detectors.
  • We also explore potential applications on Airborne Object Tracking (AOT) using its visible-light imagery and frame labels.

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